Motherboard
As a rule, the system payment contains sockets for connection of additional controllers for which connection trunks USB are usually used, PCI and PCI-Express.
The basic components
CPU.
chipset (English chipset) - chipset, providing a connection to the CPU memory controllers and peripherals. As a rule, modern chipsets are based on two VLSI, "northern" and "south bridge".
Northbridge (English Northbridge), MCH (Memory controller hub), the system controller - can connect the CPU to the nodes, using high-performance tires: RAM, graphics controller.
To connect the CPU to the system controller can be used such FSB-bus, as Hyper-Transport and SCI.
Typically, the system controller connects to the RAM. In this case, it contains the memory controller. Thus, on the application of the system controller is usually dependent maximum amount of RAM, and memory bandwidth of a PC. But now there is a tendency embedded controller in the CPU memory directly (for example, the memory controller built into the processor in the AMD K8 and Intel Core i7), which simplifies the system controller function and reduces heat.
As a bus for connecting a graphics controller on modern motherboards use PCI Express. Previously used common bus (ISA, VLB, PCI) bus and the AGP.
Southbridge (born Southbridge), ICH (I / O controller hub), peripheral controller - a controller peripheral devices (HDD, Ethernet, audio), controllers, buses for connecting peripheral devices (bus PCI, PCI-Express and USB), controllers as well as buses, which connect devices that do not require high bandwidth (LPC - used to connect the boot ROM, and LPC bus is used to connect multi controller (English Super I / O) - Products that support "old" low-end interfaces, transmission data: the serial and parallel interfaces, controller, keyboard and mouse).
As a rule, the north and south bridges are implemented as separate ASIC, but there are single chip solutions. That's chipset defines all the key features of the motherboard, and what devices can connect to it.
RAM (random access memory as of RAM) - a computer - memory, part of the computer memory, in which the processor can apply a single operation (jump, move, etc.). Intended for temporary storage of data and commands needed for the processor to carry out operations. Memory processor transmits the data directly, or through the cache memory. Each cell of the memory has its own individual address.
RAM can be manufactured as a separate unit or included in the design of a computer or microcontroller onecrystal.
Boot ROM - stores the software which is executed immediately after power up. Typically, the boot ROM contains the BIOS, but may also contain software that runs under EFI.
To connect the CPU to the system controller can be used such FSB-bus, as Hyper-Transport and SCI.
Typically, the system controller connects to the RAM. In this case, it contains the memory controller. Thus, on the application of the system controller is usually dependent maximum amount of RAM, and memory bandwidth of a PC. But now there is a tendency embedded controller in the CPU memory directly (for example, the memory controller built into the processor in the AMD K8 and Intel Core i7), which simplifies the system controller function and reduces heat.
As a bus for connecting a graphics controller on modern motherboards use PCI Express. Previously used common bus (ISA, VLB, PCI) bus and the AGP.
Southbridge (born Southbridge), ICH (I / O controller hub), peripheral controller - a controller peripheral devices (HDD, Ethernet, audio), controllers, buses for connecting peripheral devices (bus PCI, PCI-Express and USB), controllers as well as buses, which connect devices that do not require high bandwidth (LPC - used to connect the boot ROM, and LPC bus is used to connect multi controller (English Super I / O) - Products that support "old" low-end interfaces, transmission data: the serial and parallel interfaces, controller, keyboard and mouse).
As a rule, the north and south bridges are implemented as separate ASIC, but there are single chip solutions. That's chipset defines all the key features of the motherboard, and what devices can connect to it.
RAM (random access memory as of RAM) - a computer - memory, part of the computer memory, in which the processor can apply a single operation (jump, move, etc.). Intended for temporary storage of data and commands needed for the processor to carry out operations. Memory processor transmits the data directly, or through the cache memory. Each cell of the memory has its own individual address.
RAM can be manufactured as a separate unit or included in the design of a computer or microcontroller onecrystal.
Boot ROM - stores the software which is executed immediately after power up. Typically, the boot ROM contains the BIOS, but may also contain software that runs under EFI.
Classification matherboard form-factor
Form factor motherboard - the standard defines the size of the motherboard for your PC, place its attachment to the body, the location of her bus interfaces, I / O connector of the CPU (if any) and slots for RAM, as well as the type of connectors for power supply.
Form factor (just like any other standards) is a recommendation. The specification of the form factor determines the mandatory and optional components. However, most manufacturers prefer to comply with the specification, since the cost of compliance with existing standards is the compatibility of the motherboard and standard equipment (peripherals, expansion cards) from other manufacturers.
Obsolete: Baby-AT; Mini-ATX; full-size card AT; LPX.
Modern: ATX; microATX; Flex-ATX; NLX; WTX, CEB.
The implemented: Mini-ITX and Nano-ITX; Pico-ITX; BTX, MicroBTX and PicoBTX
There are motherboards that do not correspond to any of the existing form factors (see table). This is usually due either to the fact that manufactured highly specialized computer or motherboard manufacturer desire to independently produce and peripherals to it, or inability to use standard components (so-called "brand", such as Apple Computer, Commodore, Silicon Graphics, Hewlett Packard, Compaq often others ignored the standards, in addition to the current form of the distributed manufacturing market was formed only in 1987, when many manufacturers have created their own platform).
Form factor (just like any other standards) is a recommendation. The specification of the form factor determines the mandatory and optional components. However, most manufacturers prefer to comply with the specification, since the cost of compliance with existing standards is the compatibility of the motherboard and standard equipment (peripherals, expansion cards) from other manufacturers.
Obsolete: Baby-AT; Mini-ATX; full-size card AT; LPX.
Modern: ATX; microATX; Flex-ATX; NLX; WTX, CEB.
The implemented: Mini-ITX and Nano-ITX; Pico-ITX; BTX, MicroBTX and PicoBTX
There are motherboards that do not correspond to any of the existing form factors (see table). This is usually due either to the fact that manufactured highly specialized computer or motherboard manufacturer desire to independently produce and peripherals to it, or inability to use standard components (so-called "brand", such as Apple Computer, Commodore, Silicon Graphics, Hewlett Packard, Compaq often others ignored the standards, in addition to the current form of the distributed manufacturing market was formed only in 1987, when many manufacturers have created their own platform).
Form-factor of matherboard | Physical dimensions of matherboard | Specification, the year | note | |
inches | millimeters | |||
XT | 8,5 × 11 | 216 × 279 | IBM, 1983 | architecture IBM PC XT |
AT | 12 × 11/13 | 305 × 279/330 | IBM, 1984 | architecture IBM PC AT (Desktop/Tower) |
Baby-AT | 8,5 × 10/13 | 216 × 254/330 | IBM, 1990 | architecture IBM PC XT (form factor is considered invalid since 1996.) |
ATX | 12 × 9,6 | 305 × 244 | Intel, 1995 | for the types of system units MiniTower, FullTower |
ATX Riser | Intel, 1999 | for system units such as Slim | ||
eATX | 12 × 13 | 305 × 330 | ||
Mini-ATX | 11,2 × 8,2 | 284 × 208 | for system units such as Tower and compact Desktop | |
microATX | 9,6 × 9,6 | 244 × 244 | Intel, 1997 | has fewer slots than the ATX, it is also possible to use a smallerPSU |
LPX | 9 × 11/13 | 229 × 279/330 | Western Digital, 1987 | for system units such as Slim |
Mini-LPX | 8/9 × 10/11 | 203/229 × 254/279 | Western Digital, 1987 | for system units such as Slim |
NLX | 8/9 × 10/13,6 | 203/229 × 254/345 | Intel, 1997 | provides AGP, better cooling than the LPX |
FlexATX | 9,6 × 7,5/9,6 | 244 × 190,5/244 | Intel, 1999 | designed as a replacement for the form factor Micro ATX |
WTX | 14 × 16,75 | 355,6 × 425,4 | 1999 | for high-performance workstations and servers, mid-level |
Mini-ITX | 6,7 × 6,7 | 170 × 170 | VIA Technologies, 2003 | allowed only 100 watts power supplies |
Nano-ITX | 120 × 120 | VIA Technologies, 2004 | ||
BTX | 12,8 × 10,5 | 325 × 267 | Intel, 2004 | allowed up to 7 slots and 10 holes for mounting board |
MicroBTX | 10,4 × 10,5 | 264 × 267 | Intel, 2004 | allowed up to 4 slots and 7 holes for mounting board |
PicoBTX | 8,0 × 10,5 | 203 × 267 | Intel, 2004 | may be a slot and 4 holes for mountingboard |
ETX и PC-104 | used for embedded (embedded) systems | |||
CEB | 12 × 10,5 | 305 × 267 | 2005 | for high-performance workstations and servers, mid-level |
Pico-ITX | 3,9 × 2,7 | 100 х 72 | VIA, 2007 | used in embedded systems, ultra |
SSI CEB | 12 × 10,1 | 305 x 259 | ??? | motherboards the standard typically used to build servers.Connectors for power supply with 24 contacts 8. |
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